3. Ruminants and non ruminants

3.2. non ruminants digestive system

Non-ruminant animals, also known as monogastric animals, have a simpler digestive system compared to ruminants. This system typically consists of a single-chambered stomach and a relatively short digestive tract. Examples of non-ruminants include humans, dogs, cats, pigs, and horses. Here is an overview of the digestion process in non-ruminants:

Mouth:

Ingested food is broken down into smaller particles through chewing and the action of saliva.
Saliva contains enzymes, like amylase, which start the process of carbohydrate digestion.
Esophagus:

The chewed food is then swallowed and moves through the esophagus to the stomach via a process called peristalsis, which involves rhythmic muscle contractions.
Stomach:

The stomach is a muscular organ that secretes gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes (such as pepsin).
These substances help break down proteins and partially digest other nutrients.
The acidic environment in the stomach is essential for the activation of enzymes and the breakdown of certain food components.
Small Intestine:

Most of the digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine.
Digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into simpler molecules.
The walls of the small intestine contain tiny finger-like projections called villi and microvilli, which increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
Large Intestine (Colon):

In the large intestine, water and electrolytes are absorbed, and any remaining indigestible material is formed into feces.
Bacteria in the colon may further break down certain substances and produce some vitamins (like B vitamins and vitamin K).
The final product, feces, is then eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus.
Unlike ruminants, non-ruminants do not have a specialized compartment for fermentation or regurgitation. Their digestive systems are adapted to efficiently process a variety of foods, including grains, fruits, vegetables, and animal products. The entire digestion process in non-ruminants is generally quicker compared to that of ruminants, as they do not rely on microbial fermentation to the same extent.